martes, 20 de noviembre de 2007

BIOGRAPHY RODOLFO LLINAS

RODOLFO LLINAS
He was born in Bogotá in 1934 and studied the elementary and high school in “gimnasio modern” he graduated in 1952 in and he want to be a doctor because have a curiosity to how attend a patient and because his grandfather its doctor too. In my opinion he is a really culture vulture; the magnetoencefalografia it’s attributed to him. He studied medicine in pontifical javeriana university and made his post grade in Harvard and Minnesota universities, he worked whit sir john Ecless in Australia and here he made his PhD. In this moment there is America and here teaches and it's the managing of the program of chemistry and brain of new it resides in United States of York University. His investigation it’s about the concise, and he one against the foundation of cellular connection. His raises about the topic are explain the image it’s not product of brain, but is product of time. For this research he invented the examination “magnetoencefalografia”.
At the moment it’s the director of neurolab in NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), in addition of studies in javeriana, Harvard and Minnesota he won his specialty’s with many doctors around the world and wrote a many and different publication, all of these books and publication are whit the topic or about the brain and its functionality. Two of his most important publication are:


1. From Neurons to Brain" (2001) MIT Press Cambridge, MA
2. El cerebro y el mito del yo" con prólogo por Gabriel García Márquez (2005).
For all this investigation he became a many local and international awards. In a personal opinion in this moment he is the most important Colombian doctor

JAMAICA


History:
Jamaica is an island country and of the Greater Antilles, 240 km long and up to 80 miles wide, located in the Caribbean Sea. It is 630 km from the Central American mainland, 150 km south of Cuba and 180 miles west of the island of Hispaniola, which are Haiti and the Dominican Republic.
The first residents of the island were the Arawak, from South America, which arrived on the island between 1000 and 400 BC. It is believed that these people died after contact with Europeans, says that although there are those who have survived.
Jamaica was claimed as a Spanish possession after Christopher Columbus reached the island in 1494. Columbus used the island as a miniestado for his family. The British Admiral William Penn and General Venables took the island in 1655. In its first 200 years of British rule, Jamaica became the largest exporter of sugar from the world, producing 77000 tonnes per year between 1820 and 1824. This productivity will never be achieved without slave labor brought from Africa.
In the twentieth century, Jamaica was gaining independence from Britain in 1958 became a province of the Federation of the West Indies, bringing its total independence on August 6, 1962.
An important economic growth of about 6% a year marked its first 10 years of independence under conservative governments led by the prime ministers Alexander Bustamante, Donald Sangster and Hugh Shearer. This wine economic growth promoted by investments in bauxite, tourism, manufacturing, and to a lesser extent, agriculture. In 1972, a change of government did the economy slipped again coming to the end of 1982 where GDP was below the levels of 1972. External debt grew up under successive legislatures Michael Manley, accompanied by fiscal deficits, leading to the imposition of austerity measures by the International Monetary Fund. In 70 the two dominant political parties were linked to two rival gangs of Kingston, heavily armed. This, coupled with the increasing traffic in cocaine in the mid-80 led to violent situations. This has led to wars urban Kingston from 1990 to the present. Rural areas of the country are free of conflict.
The original capital of Jamaica was the Spanish town of Saint Catherine, the former colonial capital. The Spaniards renamed the city as Santiago de la Vega. In 1655 when the British took the island, most of the capital was burned by British troops. The city was rebuilt and called Spanish Town, as the capital remained on the island until 1872, when Kingston became the capital. In addition, Jamaica was the first republic founded (1623).

Capital: Kingston
Language: English
Slogan: “ Out of Many, One People”
National Athem: Jamaica, Land We Love
Form of government: Monarch contitucional parliamentary

Basic Indicators:
Infant Mortality Rate: 17%
Neonatal Mortality Rate: 10%
Total Popolution: 2651( thousands)
Annual Births: 52 ( thousands)
Annual Deaths: 1%
INB per Capita: 3400 ( thousands)
Crude Birth Rate: 20%
Crude Death Rate: 8%
Life Expectancy: 71%
Urban Population: 52%
Annual Rate of Urban Population Gowth: 0.8%

BIOGRAPHY OF BILL GATES


Bill Gates - (William Henry Gates III) Microsoft cofounder, the richest man in the world and philanthropist.
Bill Gates is cofounder, chairman and chief software architect of Microsoft, the most successful software company in the world, renowned for making software that is powerful and innovative while still being user friendly. Microsoft now employs more than 55,000 people in 85 countries.William H Gates III commonly known as Bill Gates was born on 28th October 1955 and raised in Seattle along with his two sisters. Bill became interested in programming at an early age while attending one of Seattle’s most exclusive schools. Gates soon befriended a student named Paul Allen and together using the schools minicomputer they practiced their skills.They turned to a computing company, in exchange for free use of a more powerful computer they searched for bugs in the computers system while also learning new languages. Bill went on to Harvard University and while there teamed up with Paul to write a new version of Basic programming language for the first personnel computer the Altair 8800. The company was impressed with Gates and Allen’s work and licensed the software resulting in Gates and Allen forming the company Microsoft to develop software for other companies. Bill dropped out of Harvard to spend more time on the new business. Their break came when they developed an operating system called MS-DOS for the first IBM personnel computer, and later managed to persuade other manufactures to standardize their systems to run MS-DOS. This standardization started a new computer industry boom throughout the 1980’s as MS-DOS took hold of the market and gained popularity, Microsoft also started developing applications such as word processors. Microsoft announced Windows 1.0 in 1983, which promised a graphical user interface (GUI) better graphics and multitasking. However the final product was not released for another 2 years until 1985, with very few compatible applications Windows did not sell well. Over the next five years Microsoft released a number of upgraded windows 2.0 versions which added many programs, versatility and features. As Microsoft grew, its share price sky rocketed, and at the age of 31 Bill Gates became the youngest self-made billionaire in American history.In 1990 Microsoft headed by Bill Gates created a new version of Windows called Windows 3.0 with a much improved GUI and features which sold more than 10 million copies, quickly followed by Windows 3.1, 3.11 and workgroups which added networking support. Building on their success Microsoft developed Windows 95 followed by windows 98, 2000, Millennium Edition and The current version Windows XP. Each new windows release has seen Microsoft gain more market share and along with their popular applications such as Office, games etc has seen Bill Gates become the richest man in the world worth an estimated US$46 billion. Gates also has interests in other business having many investments and positions in company’s including Corbis Corporation, Berkshire Hathaway Inc, Teledesic Corporation. In 1998 Gates gave up his role as CEO to focus on development of new technology and products.Bill Gates married Melinda French Gates in 1994 and has three children, Jennifer, Rory and Phoebe. Both Bill and Melinda are keen Philanthropist’s starting the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation which has committed more than $3.2 billion to global health, $2 billion to improve learning opportunities to low income families, $477 million to community projects and more than $488 million to special projects and annual giving campaigns.Bill Gates development of software and programs has been his contribution to the revolution of computers and computer science.

lunes, 19 de noviembre de 2007

PAGE 54

PAGE 54
1
A) In the UK it is necessary to wear seatbelts in the back of car. In the UK you have to wear seatbelts in the back of car.
B) It´s possible for men to do my homework while I watch TV. I can to do my homework while I watch TV.
C) It´s good idea to go to Germany to improve your Germany. You should go to Germany to improve your Germany.
D) It´s necessary to show your student card to get a reduction. You have to show your student card to get a reduction
E) It´s not necessary to drive me you the airport. I´ll get a taxi. You don´t Have to necessary to drive me you the airport.
F) It´s not a good idea to drink coffee just before go to bed. You shouldn´t drink coffee just before go to bed.
G) It´s not possible for me to finish this report today. I can´t finish this report today.
2
A) DOES HE HAVE TO WORK THIS WEEKEND?
B) THEY DON’T have to wear school uniform.
C) Should you take a coat with you?
D) Do you have to take all of your certificates to the interview?
E) I can´t lift this box. It´s really heavy.

3
A) She is lived in London for years.
B) We haven´t had this car for very long.
C) They´ve worked since 2005.
D) I´ve had this watch since last summer.
E) Ken and Jo have gone out together for a nearly year.

4
A) I have play guitar since I was child.
B) They have live in Bristol since April.
C) I have a dog for two years ago.
D) I have known jack since October.
E) I have study English for three years.
5
A) Did you use to play football at school?
B) She didn’t use to get good marks at school.
C) Did you use to live before you came here?
D) I used to like my job more than I do now
E) My parents didn’t use to have a television.
6
A) My parents are middle aged now
B) He used to be a heavy smoker.
C) Mick and Joanne got engaged last week
D) I got in touch with an old friend via the web site
E) I haven’t seen bill gates for ages. We missed touch when he went abroad.
F) I was a well behaved teenager –I never rebelled against my parents
G) I’d like to get a piece of my own when I’m old enough.
H) I think it’s good to be mentally active at all stages of your life.

PAGE 44

PAGE: 44
1. Complete the sentences whit comparatives.
a) Quieter
b) More exciting
c) Worse
d) Happier
e) Farther

2. Complete the sentences below whit a comparative and not as…as.
a) The gold watch is more expensive than the silver watch; the silver watch is not as expensive as the gold watch.
b) The Brighton train lives latter than the London train; the London train is not as late as the Brighton train.
c) Health is more important to my than the money; the money is not as important as health.
d) White bread tastes is better than the brown bread; the brown bread is not as good as the white bread.

3. Complete with superlatives.
a) Most Expensive
b) Hottest
c) Tallest
d) Fastest
e) Most friendly

4. Complete the sentences using one of+ a superlative+ in/of.
a) One of the hottest one.
b) In of the best in
c) In of the most intelligent in
d) One of the oldest one
e) In of the worst in
f) One of the bravest on

5. Add a word to each sentences to make it correct.
a) Do/ at
b) If
c) Where
d) Me/ is this?
e) At/ What

6) Ask about the following things using Do you know…? Or Can you tell me…?

a) Do you know where can find a cheap hotel?
b) Can you tell me where an internet café to near here is?
c) Do you know will be cost the taxi to the air port?
d) Can you tell me where can I buy a map of Britain?
e) Do you know if I need visa to go to Ireland?

7)
a) Torch
b) Tent
c) Achieve my goal
d) Scissors
e) Skills

PAGE 34

1.) Answer the questions bellow with going to and the Word in brackets.


1. Have you had something to eat?(later)
- No I’m going to have something to eat later
2. Have you taken the dog for a walk?(after dinner)
- No I’m going to take the dog for a walk after dinner
3. Have you bought Mary a birthday present?(at the weekend)
- No I’m going to buy Mary a birthday present at the weekend
4. Have you painted the spare bedroom?(on Tuesday)
-No I’m going to paint the spare bedroom on Tuesday
5. Have you cleaned the bathroom?(in the morning)
- No I’m going to clean the bathroom in the morning

2.) Make questions with going to for each situation.

1. Your friend has said he definitely wants to give up smoking
When is he going to stop smoke?
2. Peter tells you that it’s Janes`s birthday next week.
Are you going to buy her a present?
3. Your friend has bought a painting.
Where are you going to Put it?
4. You see a friend filling a bucket with hot water.
Are you going to wash a car?

3.) Make one sentence from two. Use who, which or where.

1. A waiter brought us our food. He was very friendly
The waiter who brought us our food was very friendly
2. This is a restaurant. John asked me to marry him here
This is a restaurant where John asked me to marry him
3. A rain goes to the airport. It runs every twenty minutes
The train what goes to the airport runs every twenty minutes
4. Some men robbed the post office. They escaped in a black BMW.
The men who robbed the post office escaped in black BMW
5. This is the corner of the road. The accident happened here.
This is the corner of the road which accident happened here.

4.) Find and correct four present Continuous mistakes in this conversation.

Hi Tim! What are you doing this evening?
Not a lot. Actually, I’m probably had a quiet evening at home alone.
Why don’t you come round to my house? I’m inviting a few friends over for dinner.
I’m not sure. I’m quite tired.
How about tomorrow night?
I’m going to see a film with my brother. Why don’t you come too?
Great! Id love to.

6. Choose the correct word or phrase to complete the sentences.

1. We’ve just bought a new electric COOKER
2. Who is the new CHEF that restaurant?
3. I want to be a VEGETARIAN but I like meat too much.
4. I’d love to WORK ABROAD -perhaps in New York
5. That meal gets LOW MARKS from me. It was horrible!
6. That looks very TASTY. Can I have some?
7. It SMELLS great. How does it taste?
8. I’m cooking for Ruth tonight. Do you know a RECIPE for chicken and spinach?

PAGE 24

complete the sentences using the past simple

Ÿ he solg his old computer and bought a new one
Ÿ my grandmother fell on the pavement and broke her arm
Ÿ I was on a special diet last week. I only ate fruit and I only drunk water
Ÿ When we were on holiday last year, I took a lot of photo
Ÿ I went to a concert last night and sow two really good bands


complete the dialogues with the past simple

Ÿ what did you do last weekend?
Ÿ On Friday evening, I met my friend natalia and me went to see a film but natalia didn’t like it. She said it was boring.
Ÿ Where were you born?
Ÿ Inscotland. I lived in the countryside when I was child
Ÿ did you it?
Ÿ No, i hates it. I didn’t like the weather because it never stoped raining!



agree or disagree using so, neither or short answers

Ÿ I’ve got a headache........ so have I
Ÿ I thought that coat was very expensive......... so did I
Ÿ I didn’t like her last single........ neither did I
Ÿ I’m doing my homework at the moment ......... so am I
Ÿ I don’t go swimming much ......... i do
Ÿ I’ve got really noisy neighbours ..... neither have I
Ÿ I went to a great restaurant last weekend..... so did I